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Sid Meier's Civilization IV: Colonization is the fifth offering in the award winning Civilization IV series for the Macintosh. A re-imagining of the classic Colonization strategy game Sid Meier created in 1994, this provides a new game experience in which you lead a European nation on a. The Windows version was released on September 21, 2008. A Mac OS X version was released in December 2009. Sid Meier's Civilization IV: Colonization does not require the original Sid Meier's Civilization IV in order to play.

Mycobacterium avium complex
Scientific classification
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Binomial name
*Mycobacterium intracellulare* Runyon 1965,^[1] ATCC 13950
Mycobacterium avium

Let's look at a map and see a summary of the different phases of exploration, conquests and colonization of African territories by European powers, beginning. Sid Meier's Colonization takes you into the Colonial Era to discover, explore and colonize vast territories that promise both danger and reward. Play one of four colonial powers as.

Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of mycobacteria comprising Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium avium that are commonly grouped because they infect humans together; this group, in turn, is part of the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria. These bacteria cause disease in humans called Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection or Mycobacterium avium complex infection.^[2] These bacteria are common and are found in fresh and salt water, in household dust and in soil.^[3] MAC bacteria only cause infection in those who are immunocompromised or those with severe lung disease.

Description[edit]

In the Runyon classification, both bacteria are nonchromogens. Gcc for mac without xcode. They can be differentiated from M. tuberculosis and each other by commercially available DNA probes.^[4]^:245

They are characterized as Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast, short to long rods.

Colony characteristics

Usually, colonies are smooth, rarely rough, and not pigmented colonies. Older colonies may become yellow.

Physiology

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Growth on Löwenstein-Jensen medium and Middlebrook 7H10 agar occurs at 37°C after seven or more days.
The complex can be (but is not often) resistant to isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and streptomycin.^[5]

Differential characteristics Proprietary software.

M. intracellulare and M. avium form the M. avium complex (MAC).
Remarkable ITS heterogeneity is seen within different M. intracellulare isolates.

Type strains[edit]

M. intracellulare type strains include ATCC 13950, CCUG 28005, CIP 104243, DSM 43223, JCM 6384, and NCTC 13025.^[6]

M. avium type strains include ATCC 25291, DSM 44156, and TMC 724.^[7]

Human health[edit]

MAC bacteria enter most people's body when inhaled into the lungs or swallowed, but only cause infection in those who are immunocompromised or who have severe lung disease such as those with cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).^[3]MAC infection can cause COPD and lymphadenitis, and can cause disseminated disease, especially in people with immunodeficiency.^[4]^:245

History[edit]

In 2004, Tortoli et al. proposed the name M. chimaera for strains that a reverse hybridization–based line probe assay suggested belonged to MAIS (M. avium–M. intracellulare–M. scrofulaceum group), but were different from M. avium, M. intracellulare, or M. scrofulaceum. The new species name comes from the Chimera, a mythological being made up of parts of three different animals.^[8]^[9]

References[edit]

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^Runyon, E. 1965. Pathogenic mycobacteria. Advances in Tuberculosis Research, 14, 235-287.
^'Mycobacterium Avium Complex. MAI; MAC Information'. Patient Info. 29 August 2014.
^ ^a^b'Mycobacterium Avium Complex infections | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program'. rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ ^a^bJones-Lopez, Edward C.; Ellner, Jerrold J. (2011). 'Chapter 35: Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacterial Infections'. In Guerrant, Richard L.; Walker, David H.; Weller, Peter F. (eds.). Tropical infectious diseases : principles, pathogens, & practice (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. ISBN9780702039355.
^Haworth CS, Banks J, Capstick T, Fisher AJ, Gorsuch T, Laurenson IF, Leitch A, Loebinger MR, Milburn HJ, Nightingale M, Ormerod P, Shingadia D, Smith D, Whitehead N, Wilson R, Floto RA (November 2017). 'British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD)'. Thorax. 72 (Suppl 2): ii1–ii64. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210927. PMID29054853.
^Type strain of Mycobacterium intracellulare at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
^Type strain of Mycobacterium avium at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
^Henry, Ronnie (March 2017). 'Etymologia: Mycobacterium chimaera'. Emerg Infect Dis. 23 (3): 499. doi:10.3201/eid2303.ET2303. PMC5382748. Citing public domain text from the CDC.
^Tortoli, E; Rindi, L; Garcia, MJ; Chiaradonna, P; Dei, R; Garzelli, C; Kroppenstedt, RM; Lari, N; Mattei, R; Mariottini, A; Mazzarelli, G; Murcia, MI; Nanetti, A; Piccoli, P; Scarparo, C (July 2004). 'Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium

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